A new study based in Kangra, Himachal Pradesh, reveals that MGNREGA, the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act, has significantly boosted both livelihood and forest cover outcomes, particularly in areas with tree plantations. The research indicates that employment generation schemes like MGNREGA result in a “win-win” situation for both livelihoods and forest cover when job days surpass a threshold of 1210.
The study, conducted by researchers from Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Florida State University, University of Minnesota, and the Forest Department of Himachal Pradesh, aimed to understand the conditions that can improve both forest and livelihood outcomes in Kangra, an area known for its tree plantation activities. The study found that areas where marginalized groups were involved in collective action had the best outcomes. These communities often exchanged labor for purposes such as forestry, agriculture, and construction.
Key Findings
- Threshold Impact: Employment generation schemes, specifically MGNREGA, had the most significant impact on both livelihood and forest outcomes when job days reached 1210.
- Role of Marginalized Groups: Scheduled Tribes and Scheduled Castes were found to be major contributors to win-win outcomes for both livelihoods and forest cover.
- Education and Dependency: Higher education levels were associated with fewer win-win outcomes, likely because more educated individuals depend less on forest resources.
- MGNREGA as a Social Safety Net: For marginalized groups without access to education, MGNREGA served as an important safety net, reducing dependence on forest resources and promoting both livelihoods and forest growth.
The researchers employed interpretable machine learning to predict which factors contributed to successful outcomes. The results show that MGNREGA provided a crucial buffer for those most dependent on forest resources, particularly in the absence of alternative income sources.
Other Positive Factors
The study also highlighted that strengthening local decision-making bodies and encouraging collective action significantly benefited both livelihoods and forest cover. Effective local institutions, particularly those focused on forestry, helped reduce conflict and improve decision-making, further enhancing forest outcomes.
The Bigger Picture
This study aligns with previous research showing that the MGNREGA scheme can not only provide employment opportunities but also support sustainable forest management. As forests continue to play a vital role in providing resources for rural communities, a balanced approach that integrates both livelihoods and environmental conservation is crucial.
The findings also raise important questions about how alternative energy sources or non-forest-based livelihoods can reduce pressures on forest cover, as other studies have shown improvements in living standards when fuelwood dependency is reduced.
The study reinforces the idea that MGNREGA is more than just an employment scheme; it can play a crucial role in forest conservation and poverty alleviation, especially when it reaches a critical threshold. By combining collective action, local governance, and job creation, India can continue to make strides in sustainable development while enhancing both livelihoods and forest health.
