Bhubaneswar: The Bay of Bengal is known for its frequent and intense cyclonic activity, especially during the pre-monsoon (April-June) and post-monsoon (October-December) seasons. While both the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal experience storms, the latter witnesses more frequent and devastating cyclones. But why does this happen, particularly in summer?
### *Factors Contributing to Cyclone Formation*
Warm Sea Surface Temperatures
Cyclones require warm ocean waters (above 26°C) to form, and the Bay of Bengal remains significantly warmer than the Arabian Sea. The shallow waters of the Bay of Bengal retain heat for a longer period, providing the necessary energy for cyclone formation.
High Moisture Content
The Bay of Bengal has a larger influx of freshwater from rivers like the Ganga, Brahmaputra, and Godavari. This reduces salinity levels and increases the rate of evaporation, leading to higher humidity. The increased moisture in the air fuels the development of cyclones.
Favorable Wind and Pressure Conditions
During summer, winds from different directions meet in the Bay of Bengal, creating a low-pressure zone. This convergence of winds, combined with warm air, helps in the formation of cyclones.
Open Water Body with No Obstacles
Unlike the Arabian Sea, which has high landmasses around it, the Bay of Bengal is more open. This allows cyclones to form and strengthen without major obstructions, leading to stronger storms.
Geographic and Atmospheric Conditions
The geography of the Bay of Bengal acts as a natural trap for cyclones. The surrounding landmasses do not allow storms to dissipate quickly, leading to intense and long-lasting cyclones. Additionally, periodic disturbances from the Pacific Ocean, such as remnants of typhoons, often strengthen storms in the Bay.
Historical Examples of Summer Cyclones
1. *Cyclone Amphan (May 2020)* – One of the most powerful cyclones in recent history, Amphan developed in May and rapidly intensified into a super cyclone before making landfall in West Bengal, causing massive destruction.
2. *Cyclone Fani (May 2019)* – Originating in April and making landfall in Odisha in early May, Fani was an extremely severe cyclonic storm that caused significant damage to infrastructure and agriculture.
3. *Cyclone Aila (May 2009)* – This cyclone hit West Bengal and Bangladesh, leading to widespread flooding and displacement of thousands of people.
Mitigation and Preparedness
The Government of India, through agencies like the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), continuously monitors cyclone activity and issues timely warnings. Improved forecasting technology, early evacuation plans, and better disaster management infrastructure have significantly reduced the loss of life due to cyclones.
Cyclones in the Bay of Bengal are a recurring natural phenomenon driven by warm sea temperatures, high humidity, and favorable wind conditions. While these storms pose significant threats, advancements in meteorology and disaster preparedness have helped mitigate their impact. As climate change continues to influence weather patterns, understanding and preparing for these powerful storms remains a priority for coastal communities in India and Bangladesh.
